Wednesday, June 1, 2011

Functional Groups

-Are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules
-Are generally the most reactive part of the molecule

Halogen Compounds
 - contain halogen elements such as F, Cl, Br, I.
 - are generally insoluble in water
 - compounds containing F are inert, Cl and Br are reactive only under the drastic condition, and       I are very reactive
    Naming the halogen compounds:Follow the standard rules and put a prefixes of a group attached in front of the main-chain name.
                                  F - fluoro     Cl- chloro     Br- bromo       I - iodo
reaction
2,3-dibromobutane.
Nitro Compounds
 -are insoluble in water 
 -are unreactive except under drastic condition
 -Lower nitro alkanes are colorless liquids with a pleasant smell. Higher members are solids
 -tend to be explosive (ex. TNT)
    Naming the rule:  Similar to halogen compounds. Put a prefixes of a group attached in front of the main-chain name. ----  NO2 = nitro
       2-Nitropropane
Tetranitromethane
Alcohols
 -are organic compounds which contain -OH (hydroxyl) functional group.
 - are generally colourless liquids at room temperature
 - are soluble in water (smaller alcohols are soluble and larger alcohols are insoluble)
 -the hydroxyl group makes the alcohol molecule polar
 - are poisonous to some degrees
    Naming rule: Follow the standard rules and replace the "E" ending in the parent hydrocarbon chain with the ending "OL".
                  

Aldehydes 
- are the organic compounds that contain double bonded oxygen at the end of the chain
-are partially soluble in water
-are very reactive
 Naming rule: follow the standard rules and change the parent chain ending to 'AL'



Kentones
 -are a hydrocarbon chain with a double bonded Oxygen that is not on either end.
 -are typically soluble in water
 -carbonyl group is polar
   Naming rule: follow the standard rules and change the parent chain ending to 'ONE'



Other Functional groups

•Carboxylic Acids
• Esters
• Ethers
• Amides
• Amines



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